History of Vietnam

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LÝ THÁNH TÔNG
( 1023 - 1072 )

King Lý Thánh Tông was a native of Cổ Pháp district, which now belongs to Đình Bảng commune, Tiên Sơn district, Bắc Ninh province. His forbidden name was Nhật Tôn and he was the eldest prince of King Lý Thái Tông.
In 1028, he became Đông Cung Crown Prince. When King Lý Thái Tông passed away he took the throne and his reign lasted 18 years ( 1054 - 1072 ). He was a wise and charitable king, set forth wise directions to buil a powerful country such as decreasing punishments, attaching much importance to farming, developing education, consolidating and strengthening the national defense from the north to the south.
In 1070 the ordered the erection of Văn Miếu ( Temple of Literature ) to worship Confucius , sages , Confucian scholars . The Crown Prince Lý Càn Đức studied here.

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LÝ NHÂN TÔNG
( 1066 - 1128 )

His given name was Càn Đức. He was the first son of King Lý Thánh Tông and Queen Ỷ Lan.
At the age of seven he became king and ruled for the next 56 years ( 1072 - 1128 ). He was a brilliant, humanitarian, knowledgeable king. He was also good at music, composition, and military.
He succeessded in defeating enemies from the north and the south.
He concerned about farm work, forbade the killing of cows and buffalos, so he was supported by all mandarins and people with all their hearts.
In 1075 he held the Minh Kinh Bác Học exam, which was the first exam in Việt Nam history.
In 1076 he ordered the building of Quốc Tử Giám ( the first National University ) setting up the foundation for development of Confucianism in Việt Nam, making great contributions to the construction of national culture.

[boyhoangda]

Good try! DO you want to join "Free tour guide" ;))

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LÊ THÁNH TÔNG
( 1442 - 1497 )

His given name is Hạo, his pen-name is Tư Thành. He was the fourth son of King Lê Thái Tông.
He was the king for 37 years ( 1460 - 1497 ), and gave 2 reign titles : Quang Thuận and Hồng Đức.
He was a clear-sighted, decisive king. He was also both a talented scholar and a warrior.
Under his ruler, Đại Việt country was indepentdent, united and powerful the culture and education highly developed.
He was a great reformer : reformed government structure, gave prominence to jurisdiction, promulgated the Hồng Đức law, ordered to make the map Hồng Đức - the first map of Đại Việt country. He ordered to reconstruct Văn Miếu and enlarge Quốc Tử Giám in 1483 into the spacions architectural complex, developed Confucian education and examination, ordered the National examination held every three years. He was also the king who ordered to erect the first doctor stelea in Văn Miếu to honour the talent and encourage students to learn Confuciamism to have names recorded in the golden board in Thái Học house.
Lê Thánh Tông was a poet he founded the Tao Đàn association, vindicaded Nguyễn Trãi and collected his remains. He ordered also to revise many great historic works such as : Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Thiên Nam dư hạ tập...

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[†u†i]

Learn history by english.

Interesting. :x

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DOCTORS STELAE

Văn Miếu - Quốc Tử Giám has preserved 82 stelae of doctorates which recorded the names and native places of 1307 graduates of 82 Royal exams ( 81 exams held by Lê dynasty and one exam by Mạc dynasty ) held from 1442 to 1779.
The stelae were first set up in 1484 under King Lê Thánh Tông to honor the talents and encourage the study of contemporary generations and generations to come. The stelae, erected soon after the exams or some years later, were carved of dark blue stone of different sizes and engraved with elaborate motifs.
The works of literature engraved on each stele in ancient Chinese Praise the merits of the king and cite the reason for holding Royal exams. Also included on the stele were the number of candidates and the functions of the mandarins whose task it was to organize the exams and engrave the names and birthplaces of successful candidates.
The stelae of doctor laureates were placed on tortoise shells. The tortoise is one of the country's four holy creatures, along with the dragon, unicorn and phoenix ( Long - Ly - Quy - Phượng ), which can live long and healthy life. The placement of the doctors' stelae shows everlasting respect to talent. The shape of the tortoise changed with the passing of time.
The doctors stelae are a valuable historical resource for the study of culture, education and sculpture in Việt Nam.

[Task Force 141]

The changing names of Hà Nội

VGP - Thăng Long (Hà Nội) has been the capital city through out most of Việt Nam’s history. Before it became the capital of the Đại Việt Kingdom in 1010, Hà Nội had severed as the administrative headquarters of Chinese governors in Việt Nam during the Sui (581-618) and Tang (618-907) Dynasties. Since its founding, the city has been called by many different names.

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A corner of Sword Lake in Hà Nội - Illustration photo


The following gives a rough chronological order.

*Official names:

These are names found in historical records and used by various dynasties.

1. Long Đỗ

Legend has it that the Tang Dynasty Governor Gao Pian dreamed he saw a genie called Long Đỗ while building the Đại La Citadel on the current site of Hà Nội. Based on this story, Hà Nội is sometimes called Long Đỗ in historical records. For example, in 1397, under Trần Thuận Tông’s reign, Hồ Quý Ly wanted to move the capital Thăng Long to Thanh Hóa Province because he intended to usurp the throne.

2. Tống Bình

The Chinese used Hà Nội as their administrative headquarters to rule over Việt Nam and called the city Tống Bình during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Before that, their headquarters had been located in Long Biên (across the river from present-day Hà Nội).

3. Đại La

The capital used to have three encircling walls. Within the inner wall was the Purple Citadel or the Forbidden Citadel, where the King and royal family lived. The area between the inner and the middle walls was called Kinh Thành (the Royal Capital), and the area between the middle and outer walls was called the Đại La Citadel. In 866, Gao Pian enlarged and reinforced the Đại La Citadel. From then on, the capital was officially called Đại La. For instance, King Lý Thái Tổ’s Royal Edict on the Transfer of the Capital in 1010 said, “The Đại La Citadel, Governor Gao Pian’s old capital lies in the centre of the universe…”

4. Thăng Long

Meaning “Rising Dragon,” this is the most literary and meaningful name among the names of Hà Nội. According to The Complete History of Đại Việt (printed the first time in 1697), “In July, Canh Tuất Year (1010), King Lý Thái Tổ transferred the capital from Hoa Lư to the Đại La Citadel. When his boat stopped outside the citadel, he saw a golden dragon appearing above the royal boat. He then decided to change the capital’s name to Thăng Long.”

5. Đông Đô

The Complete History of Đại Việt says, “In April of the Đinh Sửu Year (1397), General Hồ Hán Thương was appointed to rule the area called Đông Đô.” Or, as a Nguyễn Dynasty writer explained in An In-depth History of Việt Nam, “By then Thanh Hóa was called Tây Đô (Western City), and Thăng Long, Đông Đô (Eastern City).”

6. Đông Quan

The Ming Dynasty of China called Hà Nội “Đông Quan” to humiliate Việt Nam after they defeated Hồ Quý Ly in 1408. Đông Quan means “the eastern gate” of the Chinese empire.

7. Đông Kinh

The Complete History of Đại Việt relates: “In April of the Đinh Mùi Year (1427), King Lê Lợi moved from the Bồ Đề Place to Đông Kinh (the Eastern Capital). He named his reign “Thuận Thiên” and the country “Đại Việt” (Great Việt), and used Đông Kinh as the capital. On the 15th day, he acceded to the throne in Đông Kinh, also known as Thăng Long.

Since Thanh Hóa already had Tây Đô, Thăng Long was then called Đông Kinh.”

8. Bắc Thành

During the Tây Sơn period, under the rule of Nguyễn Huệ (Quang Trung), 1787–1802, the capital was located in Phú Xuân (present-day Huế). Thăng Long was renamed Bắc Thành (the Northern Citadel).

9. Thăng Long

In The History of the Hà Nội Capital (1960), Trần Huy Liệu wrote: “In 1802, King Gia Long decided to continue to use Phú Xuân as the capital instead of Thăng Long. He appointed Nguyễn Văn Thành as Governor of the North, and turned Thăng Long into a regional citadel to control the North. However, King Gia Long decided to keep the name Thăng Long unchanged as it was very popular among the people. He therefore, in 1805, changed only the word “Long” (Dragon) into its homophone “Long” (Prosperity) [written with a different Chinese character]. His argument was that the King no longer lived there, so “Long” (Dragon), which was the King’s symbol, could not be used.” Gia Long also ordered the size of the Hà Nội Citadel to be reduced, because it was too large and grand for a regional city.

10. Hà Nội

The History of the Hà Nội Capital also explains, “In 1831, King Ming Mạng merged Thăng Long with surrounding districts such as Từ Liêm, Ứng Hòa, Lý Nhân and Thường Tín to establish the province of Hà Nội, and used the former area of Thăng Long as the provincial capital.

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Illustration photo


* Unofficial names

These include names used in literary works, popular sayings and spoken Vietnamese to refer to Thăng Long (Hà Nội).

1. Trường An (or Tràng An)

Trường An (in Mandarin, “Chang’an”) was the capital of China during the powerful Han and Tang dynasties (present day Xi’an, Shanxi Province). Vietnamese Confucian scholars therefore used Tràng An to denote “the capital.” Common in popular sayings and proverbs to refer to Thăng Long (Hà Nội), such as the following:

Nothing can equal the fragrance of jasmine flowers

No one can surpass the refined lifestyle of the people of Tràng An

2. Phượng Thành (or Phụng Thành)

Doctoral laureate Nguyễn Thanh Giản Thanh wrote a famous poem in Nôm script about Thăng Long in the early 16th century entitled The Spring Scenery of Phượng Thành (Phoenix Citadel). The name Phoenix Citadel was therefore used in Vietnamese literature to refer to Thăng Long.

3. Long Biên

From the 3rd to 6th centuries, Chinese rulers used Long Biên as their administrative headquarters for governing Việt Nam. The name “Long Biên” continued to be used in literary works to refer to Thăng Long–Hà Nội. King Tự Đức expressed his grief at the death of Hà Nội governor and doctoral laureate Trần Bích San (1838-1877) in The Book of Royal Examinations as follows:

I still remember you had just returned to the capital from the Long Biên Citadel.

I was about to summon you to a discussion in the court when you suddenly parted forever.

4. Long Thành

Long Thành (Dragon Capital) is an acronym for the City of the Flying Dragon (Thành phố Thăng Long). A Tây Sơn Dynasty poet, Ngô Ngọc Dụ, followed his paternal grandfather to Thăng Long where the family opened a school and practiced traditional medicine. After witnessing King Quang Tring’s great victory over the Qing invaders in Đống Đa, Ngọc Hồi in 1789, Ngô Ngọc Dụ wrote The Notes on the Restoration of the Dragon Capital (Hà Nội).

5. Hà Thành

Similar to Long Thành, this is an acronym for the City of Hà Nội. It was frequently used in literary works to refer to Hà Nội, such as in the anonymous Song of the Fall of the Capital, and The Song of the Indomitable Capital by Nguyễn Văn Giai.

6. Hoàng Diệu

The name of commander Hoàng Diệu, who led his soldiers to defend the Hà Nội Citadel against the French attackers in 1882, was sometimes used to refer to Hà Nội immediately after the August 1945 Revolution.

7. Kẻ Chợ, Thượng Kinh, Kinh Kỳ, and Kinh

These are other informal names for Thăng Long – Hà Nội sometimes found in literary works and popular sayings. There are many other names for Hà Nội of this type, of which this is only a partial list.

The changing names of Hanoi

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I proud of my country !

[Tử Hà]

Tham khảo thêm tài liệu tại Common Errors In Vietnamese – English Translation Of Heritage Interpretive Signage In Some Beauty Spots In Hanoi Ngo Ha Thu 05.1.E20 (http://www.slideshare.net/khoaanhmy/common-errors-in-vietnamese-english-translation-of-heritage-interpretive-signage-in-some-beauty-spots-in-hanoi-ngo-ha-thu-051e20-thesis)
:D:

[CĐN]

Hình như là anh-anh viết pround, anh-mỹ viết proud thì phải ?

[†u†i]

Ho Guom Tortoies are closely attach to the legen the King Le returned the precious sword to the tortoise genius of ho Luc Thuy (the former name of ho Guom during that period of time) in the 5th century.

Since then the lake had a new name: ho Hoan Kiem (Lake Hoan Kiem or Lake of Sword Restores) or Ho Guom for short

Over the past five centuries, people have still belived that the sacred sword was buried deep somewhere in the lake.

Time and again several tortoises in ho Guom have turned up with the witness of many Hanoians as well as tourists as if they remind looker on of historical pages in the heroic struggles of the Vietnamese people.

A specimen of ho Guong tortoise was made in 1968, it was then 250Kg in weight with a length of 2,10m and a width of 1,20m


Rùa hồ Gươm

Rùa hồ Gươm gắn liền với truyền thuyết vua Lê Lợi trả thanh bảo kiếm cho thần rùa trên hồ Lục Thủy vào đầu thế kỷ 15.

Từ đấy hồ mang tên hồ Hoàn Kiếm (Hồ trả gươm) với tên thường gọi là hồ Gươm.

Hơn 5 thế kỷ qua, người đời vẫn tin rằng đâu đó thăm thẳm trong lòng hồ vẫn cất giữ thanh kiếm tổ tiên.

Rùa hồ Gươm thỉnh thoảng vẫn xuất hiện trước sự chứng kiến của biết bao người dân Hà Nôi và khách thập phương như nhắc đến trang sử oai hùng chống giặc ngoại xâm của dân tộc Việt Nam.

Tiêu bản rùa hồ Gươm có từ năm 1968, lúc đó cân nặng 250Kg, chiều dài 2,10 m, chiều rộng 1,2m.
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[†u†i]

Suggestions for future research and final comments:

In the time to come, Vietnam will futher integrate into the world economy and culure. Heritage presertation concering brochures, signs, documents and websites is required being of international standards. This proggress requires translations of hight quality, both from Vietnamese to English and vice versa. Thus, more studies should be carried out to indentify and how to cope with common errors in these translations. These studies should touch upon translations from different perspectives, especially the impacts of the traslations on their readers because it is the reader that are the final and most important assessors of translations.

In conclusion, I would like to contribute to the study of Vietnamese - English translations in universities and on the media through this thesis. In my options, it can be considered a companion of all people who are seeking to improve their Vietnamese - English translation skills as well as quality of their translations. Hopefully, reader of thesis can find it userful in their future work and study or at least see it as a referece worth looking at.

[Tử Hà]

Suggestions for future research and final comments:

In the time to come, Vietnam will futher integrate into the world economy and culure. Heritage presertation concering brochures, signs, documents and websites is required being of international standards. This proggress requires translations of hight quality, both from Vietnamese to English and vice versa. Thus, more studies should be carried out to indentify and how to cope with common errors in these translations. These studies should touch upon translations from different perspectives, especially the impacts of the traslations on their readers because it is the reader that are the final and most important assessors of translations.

In conclusion, I would like to contribute to the study of Vietnamese - English translations in universities and on the media through this thesis. In my options, it can be considered a companion of all people who are seeking to improve their Vietnamese - English translation skills as well as quality of their translations. Hopefully, reader of thesis can find it userful in their future work and study or at least see it as a referece worth looking at.


:blink2: :D

[†u†i]

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